Objective: Burnout is a psychological symptom characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and lack of personal accomplishment. Several systematic reviews have examined the prevalence of burnout in some communities, including the communities of physicians, nurses, students, and teachers. Risk factors, consequences of burnout, and related interventions have also been evaluated in several systematic review studies. The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the prevalence, risk factors, consequences, and interventions associated with burnout among Military Personnel in all types of studies. Method: Studies that quantitatively examined burnout in Military Personnel after 2000 were identified through systematic searches in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, Embase, PsychInfo, and PsycArticles databases. Results: A total of 43 studies met the criteria for inclusion in this systematic review. Of these, 34 were cross-sectional, 7 were longitudinal, 1 was case-control and 1 was experimental. Half of the studies had more than 350 samples. The studies were from 17 different countries, among which the United States had the largest number with 17 studies. 33 studies were measured with one version of Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Totally, only 10 studies reported a prevalence of burnout and/or its subscales. The prevalence of high emotional exhaustion ranged from 0% to 49. 7% (median 19%), the prevalence of high depersonalization ranged from 0% to 59. 6% (median 14%) and the prevalence of low personal accomplishment ranged from 0% to 60% (median 6. 4%). In this systematic review, work environment factors (such as workload, shift work), psychological factors (anxiety, depression, stress), and duration and quality of sleep were shown as risk factors of burnout or its subscales. Also, psychological distress was observed as the consequence of burnout in more than one study. Conclusion: The studies investigated in this systematic review showed a relatively moderate prevalence of burnout. In fact, burnout was associated with work environment factors and psychological variables.

Introduction: Low back pain and one of its reasons, disk herniation, is one of the most prevalent musculosceletal complaints of Military patiants resulting in loss of property and time.Discectomy is the most frequent surgery on these patients. The main purpose of this study was to compare the results of discectomy in Military presonnel with civilians. Materials and Method: This cross-sectional study involved 117 Military (54 combat and 63 official staff) and 115 civilian patients underwent discectomy surgery between 1999-2002 in Baqiyatallah (a.s.) Hospital. Demographic data was collected through patients' medical files; satisfactionary level after surgery was measured using (Visual Analog Scale) VAS; and the ability to return to work and complaints after surgery were assessed during follow up through a mean time of 50.8 months. Data analysis was done through descriptive indicators and statisical tests like X2, Mann-Whitney and Fitcher using SPSS13 software.Results: Two studied groups were similar in case of age and gender. Disability to return to work showed a significant difference between Military and nonMilitary patients (p=0.002) and between combat and official staff (P<0.001). The mean value of patiants' satisfaction in civilians was significantly more than Military patients (P=0.02). But this difference was not observed in Military subgroups. Complaints after surgery have not significant difference between Military presonnel and civilians.Discussion: According to the findings of this study surgery had poor outcomes in Military patients especially in combat forces regarding their heavy activities. So, first of all it should be tried to prevent harmful damages to lumbar spinae; and in presence of disc herniation clinical symptoms, it preferred to keep implementation of Military forces by conservative treatments. If these ways had no outcomes or in absolute surgery indications discectomy is inevitable.

Aims: Military Personnel are likely to encounter mental health problems due to high-risk occupations associated with significant levels of psychological distress. The present study aimed to determine the factors that caused psychological distress in Iranian Military staff members. Participants & Methods: This qualitative research was done in two steps on psychological distress among Military Personnel. The first stage was a brief review. We studied texts related to psychological distress in the Military, then we extracted the factors affecting psychological distress. The second stage was the interview with 15 experts. Purposeful sampling was used to select participants and continued until data saturation was reached. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and analyzed through direct content analysis. The results were presented as codes, subcategories, and categories using an inductive approach. Findings: In the first stage, 25 studies were found, and in the second stage, 395 primary codes and two main categories, including demands and resources, were developed based on the opinion of experts. Conclusion: Different factors affect the Military members’ psychological distress, which are divided into two categories and six subcategories: Demands (Military related demands, occupational-organizational demands, individual-occupational demands, and personal demands) and Resources (personal resources and job resources).